23.3 Synthesis of Bionanoparticles from Food and Agricultural Waste

363

Table 23.1

Biogeneration of nanomaterials using agro-waste.

Nanomaterials type

Precursors

Type of waste used

References

Silver nanoparticles

Silver nitrate

Grape seed extract

[10]

Silver nanoparticles

Silver nitrate

Annona squamosa peel

extract

[11]

Silver nanoxylan

Silver nitrate

Xylan from waste corn cob

wastes

[12]

Silver nanoconjugates

Silver nitrate

Punica granatum

(pomegranate) peel’s

polyphenols

[13]

Gold nanoparticles

Gold chloride

trihydrate

Mango peel extract

[14]

Gold nanoparticles

Auric chloride

Aqueous extract of

nonedible onion peels

[15]

Gold nanoparticles

Gold chloride

Aqueous extract of outer

most waste green

watermelon skin

[16]

Platinum nanoparticles

Chloroplatimic acid

Sugarcane bagasse extract

[17]

Palladium nanoparticles

Palladium acetate

Aqueous extract of

Annona squamosa peel

[18]

Palladium nanoparticles

Palladium chloride

Aqueous extract of water

melon rind

[19]

Palladium nanoparticles

Palladium chloride

Banana peel extract

[20]

Palladium nanoparticles

Palladium acetate

Papaya peel extract

[21]

Iron nanoparticles

Ferrous sulfate

heptahydrate

Aqueous leaf extract of

mango, curry, neem, and

champa

[22]

Iron nanoparticles

Ferric chloride

Citrus maxima’s peel

extract

[23]

23.3.1

Cellulose Nanomaterials

Synthesis of nanocellulose can be done from different sources of agricultural waste,

containing lignocellulosic materials, by chemical, physical, and microbial methods.

Lignocellulose is nonedible agricultural waste residue and it is abundantly available

resource in the nature. Lignocellulose is made up of two carbohydrates, cellulose

and hemicellulose. Besides, there are presence of noncarbohydrate compounds,

phenolic polymers and lignin. Lignin is responsible for binding cellulosic fibers for

strengthening the plant cell walls. Separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

is a big challenge because of highly crystalline cellulosic structure is attached in the

polymer matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses. This separating resistance is called

recalcitrance, which can be overcome by chemical pretreatments, like acid hydrol-

ysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation agent, and ionic liquids. Separation of lignin